The Chinese Wedding Day

Chinese Marriage Custom 1. The Proposal. The process starts with an elaborate marriage and acceptance. This process was placed in the hand of go-between, who acted as a buffer between two parties. The important parties in proposal and betrothal negotiations were the parents of the bride and groom, rather than the bride and the groom. When the boy’s parents identified a future bride, they would send the go-between to present gifts to the girl’s parents and to express their feelings about the match. If the proposal was well-received, the go-between would obtain the date and hour of the girl’s birth recorded on a formal document.The groom’s family would place this document on the ancestral altar for three days. If no suspicious omens, e. g. quarrels between the parents or a loss of property, took place within that time, the parents would give the information to an astrological expert to confirm that the young woman and their son would make a good match. If th e boy’s family found the horoscope to be favourable, they gave the boy’s birth date and birth hour to the go-between to bring to the girl’s family, who would go through the same process. Only after both outcomes were favourable, the two families will arrange to meet.Finally after discussion, each family evaluated the other in terms of appearance, education, character, and social status. If both were satisfied they would proceed to the betrothal. 2. The Betrothal. First both parents exchanged family credentials as tokens of intention. Then, after extensive bargaining, the two families would arrive at the amount of money and goods that would make up the gift to the girl’s family. After presenting engagement tokens, the go-between would ask the bride’s family to choose among several wedding dates suggested by the boy’s family and also set a date for presenting betrothal gifts.The boy’s family presented betrothal gifts of money and signif icant items such as tea, â€Å"Dragon (male) and Phoenix (female)† bridal cakes, pairs of male and female poultry, sweetmeats and sugar, wine and tobacco, accompanied by an itemized statement of these gifts. Tea was such a primary part of these gifts in some areas that they were known collectively as cha-li, that is, â€Å"tea presents. † The girl’s family reciprocated with gifts of food and clothing. It was customary for the girl’s family to distribute the bridal cakes they received from the boy’s family to friends and relatives as a form of announcement and invitation to the wedding feast.The boy’s family’s gifts acknowledged the parents’ efforts in accepting the girl, and by accepting the gifts, the girl’s family pledged her to the boy’s family. Several days after the presentation of the betrothal gifts, the girl’s family sent porters with an inventoried dowry to the boy’s house. The dowry consist ed of practical items, including a chamber pot, filled for the occasion with fruit and strings of coins. This procession gave the girl’s family the opportunity to display both their social status and their love for their daughter, and wealthy parents often included serving girls to attend their daughter in her new home.The betrothal generally lasted for a year or two, although the betrothal would last until the children had grown to marriageable age. 3. Before The Wedding. In preparation for her departure, the future bride retreated from the ordinary routine and lived in seclusion in a separate part of the house with her closest friends. During this moment, the young women sang and mourning the bride’s separation from her family and vowing in front of the go-between and as well as the groom’s family and the girl’s parents.Since this sleep-over often took place in the cock loft, the bride’s emergence on her wedding day is sometimes referred to as â €Å"coming of the cock loft†. The preparation on the part of the groom involving the installation the bed on the day before the wedding. A man or women with many children and living mates, were selected to install a newly purchased bed. After the bed was in place, children were invited onto the bed as an omen of fertility. For the same reason, the bed was scattered with red dates, oranges, lotus seeds, peanuts, pomegranates and other fruits. 4. The Wedding Day.At dawn on her wedding day (or the night before), the bride bathed in water infused with pumelo, a variety of grapefruit, to cleanse her of evil influences. A ‘good luck woman’ attended the bridal preparations. She spoke auspicious words while dressing the bride’s hair in the style of a married woman. After the hair is styled, the bride emerged from her retreat. She was carried to the main hall on the back of the ‘good luck’ woman or her most senior sister-in-law. There she donned a jack et and skirt and stepped into a pair of red shoes, placed in the center of a sieve.The bride’s face was covered with either a red silk veil or a ‘curtain’ of tassels or beads that hung from the bridal Phoenix crown. (The photo below was taken at the mock wedding at a prior year’s Chinese Summer Festival. After completing her wedding preparations, the bride bowed to her parents and to the ancestral tablets and awaited the arrival of the bridal procession from the groom’s house. Dressed in a long gown, red shoes and a red silk sash with a silk ball on his shoulder, the groom knelt at the family altar while his father placed a cap decorated with cypress leaves on his head.The groom bowed first before the tablets of Heaven and Earth and his ancestors, then to his parents and the assembled family members. His father removed the silk ball from the sash and placed it on top of the bridal sedan chair. Next is the process to obtain the bride. The firecracker s start to play, the loud gong and also drums marked the starting process. The groom starts the procession led by the kids as a sign of his future kid. The groom would to the bride’s house to fetch her, taking with him the bridal chair, which was completely covered with red satin and fresh flowers.On arriving at the bride’s house, the groom’s party was met by the bride’s friends, who would not ‘surrender ’the bride until they were satisfied by red packets of money, ang pau from the groom’s representative. This was the occasion of much good-natured haggling before the two parties could reach an agreement. In some cases, the groom would take dinner with the bride’s family, and receive a pair of chopsticks and two wine goblets wrapped in red paper, symbolic of his receiving the joy of the family in the person of their daughter. In some regions, he would be offered sweet longan tea, two hard-boiled eggs in syrup and transparent nood les.Another variation was the groom’s partaking of soup with a soft-boiled egg, the yolk of which he was expected to break, arguably symbolic of breaking the bride’s ties with her family. The ‘good luck woman’ or a dajin, employed by the bride’s family to look after the bride, carried the bride on her back to the chair. Another bridesmaid might shield the bride with a parasol while a third tossed rice at the sedan chair. Sometimes the bride was borne out in a wooden ‘cage’ with her feet padlocked –; presumably a remnant from rougher times with extremely reluctant brides.A sieve, shai-tse, which would strain out evil, and a metallic mirror, king, which would reflect light, were suspended at the rear of the bride’s sedan to protect her from evil influence. The bride might also attach a special mirror to her garment, which she would not remove until she was safely seated upon the marriage bed. Firecrackers were set off to fri ghten away evil spirits as the bride departed in the sedan chair. The physical movement symbolized the transfer of the bride from her parent’s family to her husband’s. Great care was taken to ensure that no inauspicious influence would affect the marriage.The female attendants who escorted the bride to her new home were chosen with particular care that the horoscope animals of their birth years were compatible with that of the bridegroom. The sedan chair itself was heavily curtained to prevent the bride from inadvertently glimpsing an unlucky sight, e. g. a widow, a well, or even a cat. Attendants scattered grain or beans, symbols of fertility, before her. Once again, firecrackers were set off just before the procession arrived. A red mat was placed before the sedan chair for the bride lest her feet touch the bare earth as she dismounted.The entire household would be waiting to receive her. The bride was required to step over a saddle or a lit stove to cross the thresh old, since the words for â€Å"saddle† and â€Å"tranquillity† sounds the same and the fire would cast out of evil influences. An attendant might immediately place a heap of rice in a sieve over or near the bride. If the bride did not wear a lucky mirror, one might be used at this time to flash light upon the bride. In some regions, a grain measure and a string of of copper coins were laid out as talismans of prosperity.After these rituals took place, the groom could finally raise the red scarf and view the bride’s face. 5. The Wedding Day. In contrast to the elaborate preparations, the wedding ceremony itself was simple. The bride and groom were conducted to the family altar, where they paid homage to Heaven and Earth, the family ancestors and the Kitchen God, Tsao-Chun. Tea, generally with two lotus seeds or two red dates in the cup, was offered to the groom’s parents. Then the bride and groom bowed to each other. This completed the marriage eremony, ex cept in some regions, where both also drank wine from the same goblet, ate sugar moulded in the form of a rooster, and partook of the wedding dinner together. Immediately after the ceremony, the couple were led to the bridal chamber, where both sat on the bed. In some areas, honey and wine were poured into two goblets linked by a red thread. The bride and groom took a few sips and then exchanged cups and drank it down. On the day of the wedding (and sometimes for the next three days), the bed chamber was open to visitors, who were given to teasing the young couple with ribald remarks.Generally, separate wedding feasts were given by the parents of the bride and the groom for their respective friends and families. Even at the feast, men and women sat separately. There could be a single feast for each or a series of feasts over several days. However, the most important feast was that given the groom’s family on the day of the wedding. It was generally considered as public recogn ition of the union. On the day after the wedding,  the bride awoke early to attend honor the ancestors at dawn. It was only then that she was then formally introduced to the groom’s relatives and friends.As she knelt before each of the older relatives, she received a small gift. The bride’s parents-in-law gave her a title according to her husband’s seniority in the family hierarchy. On the day after the wedding,  the bride awoke early to attend honor the ancestors at dawn. It was only then that she was then formally introduced to the groom’s relatives and friends. As she knelt before each of the older relatives, she received a small gift. The bride’s parents-in-law gave her a title according to her husband’s seniority in the family hierarchy.

Plastic Surgeries: a Way to Become More Beautiful?

I thing that the plastic surgeries are ways to change some parts of your body or your face that you don’t like. With fixing that â€Å"problem† people feels better and more beautiful. Also is a solution for some physical defects resulted from an accident. But sometimes there are people with no need of plastic surgery but the do it for own pleasure , for example they want bigger ass, bigger breast, or bigger lips. They don’t think that sometimes that could bring them consequences, I’m not saying that it is someone’s unhealthy idea but if they don’t really need surgery they shouldn’t do.Cosmetic surgery is very popular and not because people need surgery, but because society has made the perfect person and everyone is trying to be that. Cosmetic surgery is the new hip thing going around and it isn’t always a good thing. Cosmetic surgery is not new, but the popularity of it has rapidly increased in the last few years. Not only adul ts but also teenagers want to do the cosmetic surgery. Cosmetic surgery before the age of eighteen is becoming increasingly more and more and nobody can’t stop it. Many factors are influencing the thoughts of young people for doing cosmetic surgery such as their appearance.Many doctors believe that cosmetic surgery is a science to increase the beauty of a person. It is the process where they give finishing touches to the body parts of the most beautiful creation of God. Another advantage of plastic surgery is the ability to correct physical defects. These patients may have physical defects that have resulted from an accident such as a scar from collision. Some people are born with physical defects that have plagued them since birth and cosmetic surgery can finally give them a normal life. -http://www. oppapers. com/essays/Cosmetic-Surgery/189760 -http://www. oppapers. com/essays/Cosmetic-Surgery/285489

Research of Pthisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Research of Pthisis - Essay Example Laennec argued on both clinical and post-mortem grounds that pathognomonic was the hallmark of phthisis. Through the knowledge he had on the cause and location of the disease he identified different diagnoses like scrofula and tuberculosis meningitis. A challenge that was common among the French physicians was the identification of the disease. There are different types of diseases that existed in their vocabulary thus; it was hard to know a disease. They relied mostly on correlations between clinical signs and pathological changes to differentiate diseases and with future developments; criteria of identifying a disease have been developed (McNeill, pp. 22). This saw the improvement of the diagnosis to patients as it was easy to identify the disease a patient was suffering from. Something that troubled the physicians was fever and this was solved in 19th century when they came to identify fever as a sign of a disease. Phthisis in Early Civilization A discovery of human remains in 200 8 showed that tuberculosis existed 9000 years ago in a settlement in the eastern Mediterranean during the Neolithic era (McNeill, pp. 24). This is the oldest ever reported evidence of TB infection in human beings and it was confirmed by morphological and molecular methods. Some authors have identified tuberculosis to be the first disease to be known to humankind. More evidence on tuberculosis during the Neolithic era was also discovered in a cemetery in close proximity to Heidelberg. Signs of the disease have also been discovered among Egyptian mummies in the period between 3000 and 2400 BCE. This shows that the disease has been in existence for many centuries and this is why extensive research has been done on the same. In 1881 Grebart discovered a... Since the discovery of tuberculosis as a killer disease, extensive research has been done on the same. The research has continued to advance with more discoveries that are helping to mitigate the disease. Through research of tuberculosis, physicians have also been able to research on other diseases. There are other diseases that are closely related to TB like typhoid and medical researchers have been able to differentiate TB from other diseases. All the signs of the disease at the fingertips of physicians and this have helped to mitigate the cases of wrong treatment. Through research on tuberculosis, physicians were able to discover that fever is a sign of a disease and not a disease by itself. This discovery better research and from there physicians were able to discover other diseases like yellow fever. The discovery of the vaccine on the 20th century was of great importance. BCG has played a vital role in curbing TB and more so in third world and densely populated countries. Despi te the efforts that are been made through international organizations, TB has remained to be a threat of human life and currently India marks the highest deaths from TB per annum.

Defense Mechanisms and Behavior Modification (CASE) module 4 Essay

Defense Mechanisms and Behavior Modification (CASE) module 4 - Essay Example The goal of this behavior objective is to ensure that health care professionals within the Boston correctional facilities are vigilant in handling stressful events occurring within the facilities that host more than 50,000 offenders. 2. To present scientific methods of handling stress within the job environment of 50 health care professionals working in five Boston correctional facilities to 90%, handle stressors presented by the 50,000 inmates within the area. Using Skinner’s ideas, the above objectives can be applied to different entities in different situations. In this case, given that the entities comprised in a correctional facility can be categorized as staff and prisoners, the application of Skinner’s ideas is dependent on the circumstances. The stressors and activities within a correctional facility are categorized into two, criminal and responsible. To the health care professionals, Skinner ideas can be applied to the professionals when dealing with violent criminals or when faced by a potential threat. After an attack, a health professional is likely to call for help after suffering possible injuries. The result of this offense is to increase punishment for the offender and possible resignation by the health care professional. However, applying Skinner’s ideas, health professionals can be educated on how to encourage offenders to act responsibly as their behavior changes would affect their evaluation. In thi s case, offenders would restrain from attacking health professionals and one another with expectations of early releases (Freedman, 2012). Assessing this situation from an offender’s perspective, the education passed from the health care professional motivates good behavior to the criminal hoping to benefit within a certain timeframe (Bennett, 2012). The reinforcement that comes from accomplishing the two smart objectives is cultivation of motivation to educate more health care professional

Are we too dependent on technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Are we too dependent on technology - Essay Example viduals who believe that it has taken over our daily routines, those who think that it only stands to benefit the world lives and some who have mixed views about technology’s effects. These arguments beget the seeds of controversy on this compelling argument. According to the Google search, Voltaire said it initially: â€Å"With great power comes more responsibility†. Normally one hears this quote from a title fighter, a Jedi, or a team that has successively won the Stanley Cup. I this papers the same quote may be aimed right at those who have themselves more dependent on technology. Many have been lost to technology and have lost the urge of an even developing societal skill as before. Most teenagers these days even lack the know how to use a dictionary since "Google fixes it all" so many of these teenagers dont see it as a required skill. Traditionally, children were supposed to take care of their parents at old age and through the advices they obtain better their lives. These are contrary to the modern teenage life. The modern teenager is those who sometimes 7 to 10 hours a day on the internet and other technological gadgets. They rarely find time even build their social life. This can be arguably be attributed to the dependenc y on technology. To further see how technology has to reap the world its treasures ,look around at the number of individuals who are engrossed in their personal computers, those with phones walking down the street, or while driving. No one can deny the fact that most accidents today are caused by individuals using or over-relying on various forms of technological devices such as their phones while driving, whether it is for GPS, to get on Tweeter, Facebook or anything else. Its insane and erroneous for individuals to fathom how anyone ever stays without texting, Google and GPS. In reality, Technology is a big assistance and a big problem. So how does one know when too much is too much? It can be clearly be traced to our daily routine

Agree or disagree with Hawking's quotation Essay

Agree or disagree with Hawking's quotation - Essay Example While the importance of talking throughout the history of mankind in general and in the contemporary age in particular cannot be overemphasized, the author is too optimistic and unrealistic about the results talking can produce. Talking can or cannot be effective depending upon the context, participants, topic, and means of communication. For example, the governments of Pakistan and India have conducted dialogues with each other several times, but have never been able to end their differences, and the rift between the two neighbor countries continues, to some extent, even to date. Many wars in the history have reached an end as a result of dialogue between the concerned countries. There is yet a long list of world events in which the dialogues among different countries did not produce any meaningful results. Therefore, it cannot be established that no matter what problem is at hand, all that needs to be done is talking for that. If the author’s argument is supposed to be based on reality, then it is obvious that he is not talking about just any kind of talking. It would take a lot of effective talking to reach a point in time when the wildest hopes and thoughts could be materialized into reality. Effective talking can be defined as the kind of talking that occurs at the right place, in the right environment, at the right time, between the right people, and upon the right subject. But this is an ideal situation which requires a range of events to take place many of which are beyond the control of human beings. Talking is not everything. For example, the first hurdle in the way of developing such a technology is reaching a unanimous decision on its creation because such a technology is likely to harm the world in more ways than benefit it. If anybody could do whatever he/she wanted, then this world would be a mess. There are fair chances that if, ever, such a matter is discussed, there would be so many

Explain why you feel college students do or don not benefits from Essay

Explain why you feel college students do or don not benefits from participation in extracurricular activities - Essay Example There are numerous oppurtunities to suit individual tastes and requirements. It is better to be sincerely involved and dedicated to one or two activities rather than be a ‘Jack of all trades and master of none’. Academics are the most important and a student should maintain a balance between the academics and the extra curricular activities. College still want good academic results although a lot of importance is laid on the other activities. Admission officers believe that what you do says a lot about you. Your academic mark sheet give details about your studies but the write up on your extra –curricular activities tell them of the sort of person you are. Every human being has hidden talents which need a platform to evoke from within. Such activities provide an excellent opportunity to realize your own strengths and perhaps even weaknesses. Different academic clubs and societies within the campus help students to work within a group and understand the group dynamics. For instance, for one who is the only child at home, interacting and working with others in a group teaches patience and adjustments. It has been found that students who are involved in extra curricular activities perform better in studies, have a pleasing nature, can relate better with the peer group. It instills in them a sense of confidence. It teaches them how to carry themselves in life. Employers these days lay a lot of stress on extra curricular activities as it ensures the all-round growth of a student. In conclusion I would like to state that life beyond academics only helps to enhance the personality of a student, provided he/she is selective. It empowers a student to make his own decisions. It helps him gain vital experience and skills necessary to guide him into his future path. So participate, bloom and shine! Let your extra curricular activities speak volumes about

Sustainability in manufacturing Literature review

Sustainability in manufacturing - Literature review Example Sustainability refers to the power to endure. Sustainability measurement is a term used to denote the size as the quantitative source for the informed administration of sustainability. The metrics that are used for measurements in sustainability evolve as time goes by. These metrics include indicators, audits, benchmarks, certification systems and sustainability standards. The sustainability measures that are widely used in the contemporary society include Triple Bottom Line Accounting and sustainability reporting. In this report, the discussion will mainly touch on sustainability measures in the manufacturing process. In organisations that deal with manufacturing, implementation of sustainable manufacturing is applied because it is a strategy that has many benefits to the organisation at large. There are various reasons as to why sustainability has to be measured in the manufacturing process (International Energy Agency, 2007, 154). These are some of the reasons why sustainability i n manufacturing has to be measured. In order to have an effective measurement outline, there is a process that should be followed. These are the steps that are required in undertaking the sustainability measurement process. The steps to e followed areDevelop Sustainability Policy. Identify major aspects.Establish objectives. Select metrics and indicators.This is a step where the company makes a selection of sustainability indicators. At this point, it is the bit challenging since the selection of indicators is not always easy.

World Diabetes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

World Diabetes - Essay Example Diabetes threatens not only the health of individuals, but has also become a significant public health concern. EASD1 suggests the spread of Type 2 diabetes is so rapid that it is approaching epidemic levels. To supply adequate care to those with diabetes, and educate populations about prevention of the disease, quantifying the presence of diabetes in different populations is crucial. Diabetes is a serious illness with multiple complications and premature mortality, accounting for at least 10% of total health care expenditure in many countries. Complex methods have been developed for estimating cause-specific mortality for some conditions (AIDS, tuberculosis) but not for diabetes. Based on routine statistics, recent WHO reports estimated mortality from diabetes in the world as 987,000 deaths for the year 2002, which was 1.7% of total world mortality. Mortality attributable to diabetes may actually be much higher, because individuals with diabetes most often die of cardiovascular and renal disease. The rapid increase of diabetes worldwide is primarily a consequence of population growth, population aging, urbanization, and the increasing prevalence of obesity and physical inactivity. Many efforts have been made to explain the causes of Type 2 diabetes. While the pathogenesis of this disease is still not completely understood, it is known that both genetic susceptibility and environmental influences play a role. Diabetes has become a major health problem in many developed countries, and in developing countries the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes has increased significantly in recent years. In China, the prevalence has almost tripled within the last 15 years, from 1% to about 3%. An urbanized, more sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy diet are thought to contribute greatly to the increase in diabetes and obesity in all ethnic groups. For example, around 90% of all Singaporeans live in high rise government or

Toyota Motor Manufacturing Essay Example for Free

Toyota Motor Manufacturing Essay Toyota Motors Manufacturing (TMM) faces increasing problems with its seat supply. TMM’s single seat supplier, Kentucky Framed Seat (KFS), is responsible for the majority of the problems with material flaws and missing parts as the major encountered defects. These problems are increasingly occurring with an increase in varieties of and demand for the seats. Toyota currently addresses these problems offline; however, this is a deviation from the policies and procedures under the Toyota Production System (TPS). Now, as TMM ramps up for the production of the Camry Wagon, it must address the seat issue before seriously impacting production performance. This is Caused by 3 Factors: 1.Seats need to match each particular car, therefore stock parts cannot be used 2.The supplier process operates under Just In Time (JIT) 3.KFS cannot readily supply replacements for defective seats. Purchase Department Suggestions to Top Level Management Q1: Buying Quality Material at Low Prices: Solutions : 1.Purchase Department has suggested following ways to procure material at low price andw with best quality 2.Downward Integration: As Toyota is huge industry and requires large number of stock, so if it can go for downward integration it would be a good idea as than it can very well control the inventory for JIT and it will also have a total quality control and will save the cost. 3.Quality Control: Quality check Teams can be formed which would work in close collaboration with suppliers so to check on quality of materials supplied by them and suggest them measures to overcome any defect in their manufacturing process.

Maslow and Hertzbergs Theories of Motivation

Maslow and Hertzbergs Theories of Motivation There are two types of motivational theories, process and content theory. Maslow was extremely clear to emphasize that organisations should, within reasons carry out all they can to satisfy needs of all levels in an organisation; whether, considering teams, departments or individuals. (Fincham et. al.(2005)).  He also recognised the problem involving this idea, Fincham (2005) states it is hard for us to go backward psychologically A theory which offered a number of predictions about what motivates people in societies offering relatively full employment, when jobs are scarce; employees are motivated solely by deficiency needs. (Fincham and Rhodes, page 197) Real introduction Motivation has increased in popularity over the past era, determining organisational behaviour; theories of motivation are necessary in ensuring comprehensive and promising organisational activities. This essay explores the importance, similarities and differences of motivational theories concentrating specifically on Maslows and Hertzbergs theory; also the essay investigates how team leaders might exercise the two theories to motivate their teams in an organisational setting. Hallway (1991) reveals that by the 1960s motivation became the central concept through which to understand job satisfaction. Motivational theories are divided into two different categories; termed content and process theories. Both Maslows and Hertzbergs theories are in the content category; content theories assume that all individuals possess the same sets of needs (Fincham et al. 2005). Although, Maslows and Hertzbergs theories are both in the content category, both have similarities and differences; it is ex tremely important to investigate both theorys uniqueness and variations. Fincham et al (2005) agues that Maslow was extremely clear to emphasize that organisations and management should, within reasons carry out all they can to satisfy needs of all levels in an organisation; whether, considering teams, departments or individuals. It is extremely important to understand how team leaders can use Maslows and Hertzbergs theories of motivation, in creating; high-quality structured organised and incentivised individuals. Equally, both theories have some relationships between them for instance, the two psychologist categorised ideas into divisions. For example, Hertzberg divided his idea into two factors termed hygiene factor and motivator factor. On the other hand, Abraham Maslow in addition divided the theory into a progression pyramid expressed as deficiency needs and the higher-order needs. Consequently, deficiency needs must be met in order to motivate employees, deficiency needs are similar to hygiene factor, and however the motivators of Hertzberg are likewise similar to Maslows higher-order needs. Furthermore, team leaders must be extremely conscious of the long term objectives and aims of constructing such theories. One purpose of motivation theories is to encourage organisations to respect the feeling and needs of the workforce; there are many ways and methods to satisfy individuals. For instance, according to Hertzberg, providing employees with good working environment; organisations will g radually observe the impact of the motivator factor (after fulfilling the hygiene factor) through the quality of work and productivity. Ultimately, this suggests when employees are enjoying quality working environment, subsequently productivity will increase enormously. Fincham et al (2005) quotes the presence of motivators in a workplace caused enduring states of motivation in employees. Consequently, Hygiene factors normally produce acceptable work environment but not increased in satisfaction. Similarly, Maslow firmly believes that deficiency needs must be met before expecting fully motivated team; deficiency needs consists of three concepts of human necessitate which are Physiological needs (such as environment), safety needs (job security) and social needs such as belonging and love. Fincham et al (2005) clearly demonstrate that the theory is sending strong messages that when jobs are readily available, pay is adequate, and there is a sense of job security, deficiency needs are easily satisfied. As deficiency needs are fulfilled by an employer, the progression in the hierarchy is essential this is because when physiological and security needs are met, this will construct social needs an exceptionally important motivator; team leaders should invest in social aspects of needs this is because an individuals tends to feel odd in a new team; social enhancement is very important to organisations since acknowledgment of the workforce is classed as an incentive; therefore Hertzb ergs motivator factor (recognition) is satisfied. Moreover, recognition is the acknowledgement of someone for doing creditable job nevertheless, motivation theory encourages team leaders to always appreciate team members contribution and therefore close relationship between the two(team member and leader) must be familiarised. Hayes (1997) stresses the necessitate of relationship combination between the team leader and the team, for example, by recognising an individuals needs for support and provision, a team leader is able to engage the provision of training in new skills, giving an individual time off after a demanding period at the workplace and or simply providing emotional support to them. Achieving the above will lead to a teams triumph (achievement) similarly providing team members with feedback on their progress will enhance an individuals confidence to acknowledge their full potential and to attain more. Similarities Hertzberg et al.1959. Hertzberg- psychologist categorised their theories into to category of their own, Hertzberg has split his theory into two factors, he called it hygiene and motivator factor. Whereas, Maslow called his hierarchy of needs, the deficiency needs and the higher-order needs. Maslow Similarity: the theory explains when jobs are readily available, pay is adequate, and there is degree of job security, deficiency needs are easily satisfied (Fincham et al. page 197). As deficiency needs are fulfilled by an employer, the progression in the hierarchy is essential this is because when physiological and security needs are met, this will make social needs an extremely important motivator. Firstly deficiency needs must be met in order to motivate employees, the deficiency needs are similar to hygiene factor, and however the motivators of Hertzberg are likewise similar to Maslows higher-order needs. (Own writing) Both theory did not include monetary reward is a motivator; Maslow defines salary as a norm, whereas Hertzberg referred salary as a hygiene factor which only stops dissatisfaction of employees but do not motivates them. For example, Hertzberg (1972) located salary in the hygiene factor. (Fincham et al. page 195:200, (2005)) it is important to consider the role of non-financial rewards and recognition play in motivating staff. Differences Main difference- psychologist Hertzbergs first account of his theory was that it made the proposals easily testable (major difference between the two psychologists accounts). (Page 199 Fincham, (2005)) Possible difference from Maslow theory: although Maslow has described how the constructs could be measured but the process he has set out were unclear because the complexity of the description (cannot be easily measured which made it difficult for anyone to follow). Fincham et al. (p 198, (2005)) states the operational definitions of the need constructs or other variables such as prepotency were not always clear. And so measurement of them was invariably problematic (Maslow did describe how the constructs might be measured but the process he set out was extremely complex and never followed by anyone) Although, Hertzberg theory illustrate how employers can motivate their employees, Hertzberg goes further than that, he also described how jobs can be changed to gain well-motivated workforce for the long run. (Fincham et al. P200, (2005)) How can a team leader motivate his team? Herzberg motivators- the presence of motivators in a workplace caused enduring states of motivation in employees (Fincham et al. Page 199, (2005)) Subsequently, Hygiene factors normally produce acceptable work environment but not increased in satisfaction. 09.11.2010 written By the 1960s motivation had become the central concept through which to understand job satisfaction. (Page 97,work psychology and organisational behaviour, Wendy Hallway,1991) Team leader can motivate workers by offering them intrinsic reward. Herzterg believes the only way to motivate employees is to give them challenging work in which employees can assume responsibility. According to Hertzbergs two factor theory, giving employees good working environment, team leaders will eventually notice the impact of this factor through the quality of work and productivity(own writing) According to Hertzberg and Maslow individuals are motivated in certain ways, for example Hertzberg has indicated how job redesigned can incorporate more motivation. Ways of motivating employees according to Hertzberg motivator factor: Responsibility by increasing employees autonomy (independence) while retaining accountability, employees will feel that they possess responsibly which allows them to achieve more. Accountability- increasing accountability of employees for their own work will motivate them by recognising them. Recognition -giving employees feedback on their work enhances an individual confidence. Hayes (1997) stresses the necessitate of relationship combination between the team leader and the team, for example, by recognising an individuals desires for support and provision, a team leader is able to engage the provision of training in new skills, giving an individual time off after a demanding period at the workplace and or simply providing emotional support to them. Achieving the above motivator (Hertzbergs motivator factor) will lead to teams triumph (achievement). Promotion- Achievement- assigning individuals specific and specialised tasks enhances the expertise of an employee. Above are motivators of Hertzberg theory of motivation, Hertzberg (1972) believes these motivators contributes to development and promotes psychological growth. Consequently, in Maslows higher-order needs, he includes self esteem and self actualisation, Maslow firmly believes that these needs will promote an individual full potential. Stress is the cause of many illnesses whether psychological or physical illness, for example, Parkinson et al (1995) have stressed out that research on stress had revealed the cause of psychological illnesses. Motivating employees, team leaders are able reduce the occurrence of stress, stress is mainly caused when a job or the role of an employee is repetitive or is lacking variety. Employees prefer to use variety of skills but when a job is repetitive, limited skills are been consumed which causes stress amongst employees. Fincham et al. (2005) , demonstrates the level of stimulation a job provides is likewise associated with the amount of stress it can cause employees to experience. Even though it is possible to contradict and criticize this finding, some believe routine work is common in some workplaces. Individuals have a tendency to be uninspired by repetitive and lack of variety in work, consequently team leader can motivate their team using Maslow and Hertzbergs theory of motivation. There are many ways and methods of motivating employees, one example rotating roles between individuals will result in a significantly high motivation. According to Hollway (1991) there were various attempts that have been applied since the first world war to solve the problems caused by repetitive jobs, Walker (1950) quoted in Hollway (1991) mentions within industry a variety of devices have been tried for a relief of monotony in highly simplified, repetitive operationintroduction of rest pauses, music in the workshop and the grouping of workers into competitive teams. Although using music in the workshop can be quite interesting for some employees, others will argue that not everybody can be motivated by music, instead music can also bee moderately stressful.

Military Draft Essay -- United States Military Army Essays

Military Draft According to the U.S. Department of Defense, the United States military now maintains a force of around 1.4 million active duty personnel. In times of relative peace, this is sufficient to protect U.S. interests at home and abroad. But when the United States engages in a larger scale operation, the military may need to call up reserve forces. In a major conflict, the United States may even institute the draft, drawing soldiers from the general civilian population. The idea of a military draft, also called conscription, has been around in one form or another since ancient times. In its relatively short history, the United States has implemented a number of different conscription systems to fill its military ranks in both peacetime and wartime. Currently, the United States is not practicing conscription; it has an all volunteer military, meaning active troops serve on their own accord. By offering a range of benefits to enlistees, the military is able to recruit enough troops to fill its ranks, at least during times of peace. Additionally, the United States maintains a volunteer national guard and a corps of volunteer reserve troops. These highly trained forces stand ready to assist the military at the president's command. In times of peace, the SSS's, Selective Service System, main task is to put together a list of potential draftees in the United States. The potential draftee pool is made up of male U.S. residents between the ages of 18 and 25. Und...

Plessy vs. Ferguson :: essays research papers

Plessy went to court and argued that the Separate Car Act violated the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution. The judge, a Massachusetts lawyer, was John Howard Ferguson. He had previously declared the Separate Car Act "unconstitutional on trains that traveled through several states." However, in regards to the Plessy trial, he stated that Louisiana could regulate railroad companies that only operated within its state. Ferguson found Plessy guilty of refusing to leave the white car. Plessy decided to appeal the decision to the Supreme Court of Louisiana, but that court upheld Ferguson's opinion. Plessy then decided to take his case to the United States Supreme Court. In 1896, The Supreme Court of the United States found Homer Plessy guilty once again. Justice Henry Brown, the speaker for the eight-person majority, wrote: "That [the Separate Car Act] does not conflict with the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery...is too clear for argument...A statute which implies merely a legal distinction between the white and colored races -- a distinction which is founded in the color of the two races and which must always exist so long as white men are distinguished from the other race by color -- has no tendency to destroy the legal equality of the two races...The object of the [Fourteenth Amendment] was undoubtedly to enforce the absolute equality of the two races before the law, but in the nature of things it could not have been intended to abolish distinc tions based upon color, or to enforce social, as distinguished from political equality, or a commingling of the two races upon terms unsatisfactory to either." The one lone dissenter, who argued in favor of Plessy's case, and seemed to be the only one with a real understanding of equality, was Justice John Harlan. He wrote his own speech regarding the case and its decision. "Our Constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens. In respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law...In my opinion, the judgment this day rendered will, in time, prove to be quite as pernicious as the decision made by this tribunal in the Dred Scott case...The present decision, it may well be apprehended, will not only stimulate aggressions, more or less brutal and irritating, upon the admitted rights of colored citizens, but will encourage the belief that it is possible, by means of state enactments, to adopted the recent amendments of the Constitution.

Agamemnon Essay -- essays research papers

In Aeschylus’ Agamemnon there are many different opinions about what kind of king and commander Agamemnon was. Some argued that he was good, while others dispute that his motives were wrong. Clytemnestra, Agamemnon’s wife, gained a strong hatred for him, after he sacrificed his own daughter so he could go to war. Many believe that this was not necessary and could have been overcome. The chorus seems to agree with this to an extent, and feels that Agamemnon could have prayed and requested that he not sacrifice his daughter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Clytemnestra, after Agamemnon was at war for a few years, began to cheat on Agamemnon with his cousin, Aegisthus. When the two got word of Agamemnon’s return from Troy they began to plot against Agamemnon. Clytemnestra prayed to the Gods to let Agamemnon make it home because she wanted to punish him herself. Even though most of the other ships did not make it home after the storms, Agamemnon’s did. Many believe this is because of the prayer that was prayed by Clytemnestra.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Clytemnestra first set Agamemnon up by placing a purple carpet on the ground for him to walk on. By doing this Clytemnestra was hoping to get Agamemnon to upset the gods so it wouldn’t be a sin for her to carry out her plan. Agamemnon even acknowledges that he shouldn’t walk on the carpet saying that, were he to walk on it, he would display unseemly pride and incur the wrath of the gods: â€Å"Such state becomes the gods and none be...

Applying Ethical Theories Essay

Summary Plagiarism in today’s â€Å"copy and paste generation† is an unremitting, complex issue that is not yet fully understood. The paper responds to this proposition with a thesis that understanding the ethical reasoning provided by students in defending plagiarism is crucial in preventing it in student populations. The reasons can provide the basis for specific action-orientated recommendations to reduce plagiarism and to design programs to encourage originality and academic honesty within the relevant educational institutions. Moreover, the authors explain that this study has broader implications, given the link between educational plagiarism and the organisation and profitability of businesses. The paper develops an ethical framework to analyse the reasons that students use when defending their plagiarism. This framework is based on previous research into the ethical reasoning of students in different contexts. The authors explain and apply six ethical theories in the paper: Deontology, Utilitarianism, Rational self-interest, Machiavellianism, Cultural relativism and Situational ethics. The paper uses content analysis methodology to implement the ethical framework described above. Consequently, the research evaluates the recorded content found in the confidential files of students found to have plagiarised work at a US university. This includes the formal process by which the students were charged with plagiarism and how they defended their actions. To ensure the research was not biased two judges were used to evaluate the reasoning. To ensure a sufficient level of inter-rater reliability, the judges evaluated 20 identical ads before being given the cases used in the study. Their results show students used all 6 ethical theories, deontology being the most common with 41.8% of using this reasoning. Variables such as â€Å"Sex, Ethnicity and GPA† had no effect on the student’s ethical reasoning. Students who used the Internet to plagiarize were more likely to resort to Situational ethics and Utilitarianism. The  paper concludes by listing a series of recommendations for each ethical theory on how to instil ethical behaviour and help prevent cases of plagiarism. Critical Analysis of the paper’s purpose Plagiarism and the internet Granitz and Lowey describe a new ‘plagiarism epidemic’ in the paper subject to review. The analysis that they present, that plagiarism is increasing due to the ease of which information can be lifted from the internet, is justified by previous academic research. The Internet provides as huge source of information which is easily available to students for use in academic papers (Weinstein & Dobkin, 2002.) Moreover, the way that information is presented and is accessible on the Internet has made plagiarism easier (Klein, 2011). Students have the opportunity to copy and compile information from a variety of sources with speed, particularly when compared with ‘old-style’ plagiarism using hard copy sources. However, since the publication of the paper in 2006, it could be argued that many professors have become more ‘tech savvy’, particularly with the development of technology in electronic detection tools (Klein, 2011.) Consequently, it is less easy to sustain the argument that transgression may present an ‘irresistible challenge’ to students, as technology improves and if teachers in academic institutions become more technologically adept. Applying ethical reasoning to plagiarism After a historical analysis of the development of the concept of plagiarism, the paper moves on to conclude that our modern perception of plagiarism is that it is ‘morally reprehensible’. I would critique this approach using the analysis of Morality and Ethics put forward by Klein in 2011. Granitz and Lowey do not appear to consider the extent to which the moral and ethical approach of students in academic institutions may differ from the general modern perception of plagiarism that they describe. Klein describes the research which suggests that there is ambiguity on what is perceived as plagiarism among learners. Quoting Weiss & Bader (2003), ‘ [a]n example of an area of ambiguity might include peer collaboration and knowing to what extent the collaboration is considered inappropriate’. Consequently, I would argue that the paper does not fully consider the extent to which the ethical  problems posed by plagiarism may be problematic because they are non-traditional and that they may not fit easily into existing and well used categorisation systems (Clegg et al., 2007). Instead, the paper seeks to apply ethical philosophies taken from different ethical contexts (albeit ideas used by students) and it maintains the general proposition that plagiarism is considered as morally wrong, without analysing this specifically in relation to students and academic institutions. Content analysis as a research methodology The paper applies a content analysis to review student files which record the formal process by which students in a large US West Coast university were ‘charged’ with plagiarism and defended themselves. The article recognises the fact that students may disguise their true reasoning whilst providing the reasoning, but concludes that ‘they are still exposing the logic that they use to defend plagiarism – and being able to counter that logic is valuable for the faculty. This problems has been considered in the business context, in which ‘virtually every empirical inquiry of issues relevant to applied business ethics involves the asking of questions that are sensitive, embarrassing, threatening, stigmatizing, or incriminating† (Dalton and Metzger, 1992, p. 207). Furthermore, since the early 1950s researchers in organizational sciences have expressed concern that the â€Å"tendency of individuals to deny socially undesirable traits and to admit to socially desirable ones† may impair empirical studies based on questionnaires which require respondents to report on their own behaviour or attitudes (Randall and Fernandes, 1991, p. 805) Recommendations The paper outlines a basis of recommendations based on the results achieved by the content analysis. Given the above critique of the content analysis, and the limit that the context of asking sensitive or incriminating questions in a business, and I would suggest academic, context, one could critique the assumption put forward in the paper that the recommendations for each ethical theory will achieve the effect of reducing plagiarism in institutions and provide a basis for the implementation of clear academic policies. Moreover, expanding on what I have suggested above, given the critique forwarded by Weiss and Bader (2003), it could be argues that poor  public perception of plagiarism in academic institutions may make any changes difficult to implement. I would argue that a more useful critique would be to consider the reasons offered by students in a non-confrontational and stigmatizing context, which could be used to understand the specific ethical context of plagiarism and to p roduce more specific recommendations. References Clegg, Kornberger and Rhodes: 2007 ‘Business Ethics as Practice’: British Journal of Management 18: 107-122 Dalton, D. R. and M. B. Metzger: 1992, ‘Integrity Testing’ for Personnel Selection: An Unsparing Perspective’, Journal of Business Ethics Kaptein M and Schwartz S: 2008 ‘The Effectiveness of Business Codes: A Critical Examination of Existing Studies and the Development of an Integrated Research Model’, Journal of Business 77: 111-127 Klein D: 2011 ‘ Why Learners Choose Plagiarism: A Review of Literature’, Interdisciplinary Journal of E-Learning and Learning Objects 7 Randall, D., Fernandes, M. F. (1991): The Social Desirability Response Bias in Ethics Research. Journal ofBusiness Ethics Robertson, D.C. (1993). Empiricism in Business Ethics: Suggested Research Directions. Trevino, Linda K., ‘Ethical Decision Making in Organizations: A Person-Situation Interaction Model’, Academy of Management Review, 11(3), 1986, pp.601-617. Weinstein and Dobkin: 2002 ‘Plagiarism in U.S. Higher Education: Estimating Internet Plagiarism Rates and Testing a Means of Deterrence’, USA: Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects, University of California, Berkeley, USA. Weiss, D. H., & Bader, J. B. (2003) Undergraduate ethics at Homewood. Standler, R. B. (2000). Plagiarism in colleges in USA

Greek and Etruscan Architecture

Greek & Etruscan Architecture Greek and Etruscan architecture began to take shape during the Archaic and Early Classical periods. There were similarities between the early Greek and Etruscan architectural styles, but there were far more differences. One of the most obvious similarities between the Greek and Etruscan styles was the use of a gabled roof. A gabled roof resembles a triangle in that it has a peak in the middle, and then has two straight slopes from the peak to each side wall. These roofs were often supported by the use of pillars or columns and is evident in both Greek and Etruscan architecture. Like Greek temples, Etruscan temples also featured an â€Å"inner chamber† known as a cella. A cella is typically an enclosed prayer room located in the center of a temple. Many of the structures made during this time period were comprised of wood or a mud-brick mixture, which is why there are few structures that remain today. Beginning with the Classical period, Greek architects began to set themselves apart from Etruscan builders by using more durable materials like limestone and marble to construct their temples and buildings. Greek temples were mostly built in the Doric or Ionic orders, while the Etruscans used the more primitive Tuscan order. The Doric and Ionic orders are very ornate, detailed, and aesthetically pleasing. They feature a column with a fluted design, which gives the pillar a thinner, taller, more elegant look. The Tuscan order on the other hand, is a very plain design and features columns with a simple base (foundation), capital (crown of the column) and frieze (horizontal section resting on top of the capital, but below the entablature). Etruscan pillars of the Tuscan order were often made of wood and did not have flutes. Some of the other major differences between Etruscan and Greek architecture can easily be seen when comparing the Greek Parthenon to an Etruscan temple. The Parthenon features a colonnade (row of columns) and steps around the entire perimeter of the complex, while the typical Etruscan temple would have a colonnade and steps in the front of the building only. The Parthenon also featured a one-room cella with two porches. One porch would lead into the cella and the other porch would lead out of the cella. Etruscan temples featured a three room cella with only one porch in the front. The final distinction between the Parthenon and a typical Etruscan temple would be in the artistic level of detail each one was designed with. The Etruscan temple was built in the very plain and basic Tuscan order, with no ornamentation built into the actual structure itself, but multiple statues of gods placed on the roof of the temple. The Greek Parthenon however, was built in both the Doric and Ionic orders, with hundreds of lavishly decorated statues, figurines and figural reliefs built into the pediments (triangular section above the entablature), metopes (a decorative band that fills the space between the frieze and the entablature), and frieze.

How To Prevent Teen Pregnancy Essay

How to prevent teen pregnancy has been a question for many years now. Statistics have been running wild trying to keep up with the teenage generation. Many people have their opinions on the subject (teen pregnancy), because teens seem to be getting pregnant all so fast these days. People fail to realize that having a baby is supposed to be a sort of privilege. Many people take having a baby as a joke. Getting pregnant and having a child involves many pros/cons. For example having a child can be harder on some people than it is on others. When having a baby there are a lot of things to worry about, for the most important part financial problems seem to be the most talked about of teen pregnancy’s. In the prevention of teen pregnancy there are many things that are helpful. For example Abstinence is a for sure factor of not getting pregnant. There are also other helpful ways to help prevent teen pregnancy, such as sex education and birth control. All of these things are essential in the helpful prevention of teen pregnancy. Abstinence is when you give up something you desire or of pleasure to you. Abstaining from sexual activities is a great way to prevent teen pregnancy, and the risk of getting a disease. In the past years less sex and more condoms use has meant lower rates of teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease. Abstinence is not a crime, as most teenagers and their peers seem to think. Most teens have sex because of their peers being sexually active. The percentage of sexually active males declined from 57.4 percent to 48.8 percent, essentially erasing the gender gap. In high school students alone the rate for being sexually active went from being 66.7 percent to 60.9 percent in the years of 1991-1997. Abstinence is very important, but the peers your child hangs around are just as important. † The Nurture Assumption † says that peer groups matter a lot more than parents influencing how kids turn out, because you can pass your genes, but not your values. CDC’s National Survey of Family Growth stated that teens are having less sex. CDC’s also stated that more teenagers surveyed that their closest friends were involved in some sort of sex education class, and they were not sexually active. Abstaining from sex and learning more about sex are good ways to assure your knowledge and decrease teen pregnancy. Sex education is the study of the characteristics of being a male or a  female. Such characteristics make up a person’s sexuality. Traditionally children have received information about sexuality from their parents, church, friends, their doctors, and many other people. Many young teens learn about their bodies first. They learn their body part and why they are essential for the body to keep going each day. Many people believe that sex ed. being taught in schools assures children of correct and complete information about sexuality. How sex education is taught varies greatly from on program to another, whether in school or any other program. Sex education starts in kindergarten and continues through high school. From kindergarten through 4th grade, sex ed. teaches children about their bodies and attempts to promote a whole some attitude toward the self-development process. During these years teachers attempt to correct any false ideas children may have learned about sex. In the grades 5th through 6th teachers try to prepare students for puberty. For example, the children learn about nocturnal emissions, menstruation and changes that will take place in their bodies, they also learn and study reproduction. From grades 7th through 9th most young adults interest in sex increases, so they learn more about responsibility, and boy/girl dating. In high school, students learn more about the social and psychological aspects of sexuality. Many other subject come up at this time in a teenagers life, such as marriage, abortion, homosexuality, birth control, and many other topics. Through the teenage years there are a lot of things to be learned and taught, but the most focused on is birth control as stated by John J. Burt, Ph. D., Dean, College of Health and Human Performance. Sex education is of much importance to the teenage generation. Birth control is the control of birth or of childbearing by deliberate measures to control or prevent conception, contraception. An understanding of birth control requires some knowledge of human reproduction. About every four weeks, an egg is released by one of the two ovaries in a woman’s body. The egg then passes through a fallopian tube, and if not fertilized while in the fallopian tube, it eventually disintegrates in the uterus. The egg then passes out of the body during a women menstruation. Sexually, coming from a man millions of sperm are released into the woman’s vagina. If an egg is there sperm traveling through a woman’s fallopian tube will fertilize it  fertilized by the sperm. At this point a human being develops and nine months later a child is born. Most birth control methods are made to prevent contraceptives. The most effective contraceptive method is surgical sterilization. This is when surgery is performed so it will block the spermducts in men or the fallopian tubes in women. There are also many other kinds of contraceptive methods; they involve hormone drugs in order to prevent pregnancy. In many developing nations hormone drugs are injected into the body. These injections must be given every 90 days in order to be effective. Some of the more popular birth controls today are the pill, condoms, Norplant, and the shot. All of these forms of birth control are used to prevent teen pregnancy. Studies show that those methods are becoming effective, because the teenage pregnancy rate has dropped by 11%. Birth control is important to teenagers, and they should be used if a teen should become sexually active. Parents should remember to teach their children about birth control always, just in case a teen should become curious and decide to have sex. In conclusion teen pregnancy has hard an effect on society, in many ways. Most teen pregnancies were not planned. CDS’s says about 65% of teen pregnancy’s were not even discussed with their sexual partners. All of the other percentage of teen pregnancy’s were not planned either, but it had been discussed with the teen’s sexual partner at some point in time. Most teens began having sex without knowing the consequences. Teenagers need to take responsibility and remember to keep safe, because there are various ways to prevent teen pregnancy, for example abstinence, sex education, and various types of birth control.

Human Memory and Knowledge Construction: Increases in Student Learning Essay

It is essential to help students effectively store and retrieve information from their long-term memory. Human memory is related to the way information is received, interpreted, stored, and retrieved. In short, information is brought into the sensory register. The stimulus then moves into the working memory and is then stored in the long-term memory. An understanding of Piaget’s theory of knowledge construction helps teachers to guide meaningful lessons and conversations that maximize student learning. It is therefore crucial that teachers understand human memory and learning as well as strategies to enhance these aspects in the classroom to support student learning. An understanding of memory is essential for teaching students. Memory is the process of storing and retrieving information and behaviors. Human memory has several components that are essential for effective storage and retrieval. Storage is the process of taking what was presented and placing it in a location in the brain’s storage space for later retrieval. Retrieval is the process of recalling the information that was previously stored. One way to think about this part of memory is to think of the brain like a file system. Although it is not entirely accurate, this analogy works to describe parts of the storage and retrieval process. In this way, the brain is like a filing cabinet. There are files for many concepts and the information is stored according to these files. This is a person’s schema; Schema is an organized set of information about a topic. For example, a person could have a schema for beaches. This schema would contain information such as white sand, the sound of seagulls, and tide pools. If this was a file system, there would be a file labeled beaches, and inside of that file would be information, pictures, and memorabilia related to beaches. One way that human memory is different from a filing system is that one piece of information could be stored in connection to more than one schema. One way to think about this is like a web, where the central idea is in the center, and ideas and information come from the center into sub categories. These subcategories can also have other subcategories, and can be connected to other ideas and concepts. Retrieval is related to the filing system, also. In this way, when a person is looking for information, they go to the file where the information is stored and pull out what they need. When a person is retrieving information for their memory, they use retrieval cues in a similar manner. Retrieval cues are stimuli that help people recall information. This too is related to a person’s schema as well as the web analogy. In this way, when a person smells a certain scent, like pine trees, they pull forward all the schemas that contain the smell of pine trees. This allows the brain to go through a smaller amount of stored information for a faster retrieval. In this example, schemas of Christmas, the woods, and grandma’s house may be brought forward. When information is not stored in an appropriate schema, retrieval is more difficult and slower than if it were stored in a memorable place. This is important for student education and the teaching process. It is important for teachers to help students to store information learned in class in order to improve retrieval and make connections across schemas. There are three places that a stimulus can go. The first is the sensory register. This is where the brain decides whether or not the stimulus is necessary for a person to consciously consider. This means that some things make it to the working memory and some things are ignored. This is important because people are exposed to many stimuli at the same time and if attention was paid to all of them, the person would not be able to concentrate on any given stimulus. This is often a large problem for students with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). Students who have ADD are viewed as being unable to concentrate on their school work. The actual problem is that students with ADD are paying attention to many stimuli making it difficult to concentrate on a single stimulus. Students who have ADD often have trouble with their sensory register because it does not ignore the unnecessary stimuli of their surroundings, such as noise in the hallway, leaves quivering on a tree outside, or the sound of a noisy heater. Once a stimulus has been deemed worthy of consideration by the sensory register it moves into the working memory. This is where meaningful thinking occurs and connections are made, before the information is stored in the long term memory. This is where students need help making sense of information. The working memory is like a Post-it note. The initial idea is placed on the Post-it. Information can then be added to the Post-it, attached to other Post-its, or moved to another place to make a connection. Students need to be guided to make connections and understand the presented information. Long term memory is where the information is stored for later retrieval. Once a person has processed the information in the working memory and made connections to prior knowledge and experiences, the brain then stores the information accordingly. Effective storage requires that the information is stored according to schemas for retrieval. For example, when I was traveling in Misiones, Argentina, I came across a strange animal. Looking at this animal, it looked like a mix of a raccoon and an anteater. It had a long tail like a lemur and sat like a bear cub. Later I discovered that this animal is called a Coatà ­. The Coatà ­, therefore, is stored in my long term memory, in relation to schemas about Misiones, Argentina, animals, and tropical forests. In chapter two of Ormrod’s (2012) book, Essentials of Educational Psychology Big Ideas to Guide Effective Teaching, Ormrod describes three processes for effectively storing information in long term memory. These processes will be discussed in relation to the case study. The case study involved a teacher, Mrs. Dennison, and her class, as they discovered endangered species. Mrs. Dennison uses many different techniques to help her students to learn this material. The first process is elaboration. This is where the receiver takes the information that they have been presented with and supplements it with realistic hypotheses to more deeply understand the concept. These hypotheses come from relationships with other prior knowledge. Ms. Dennison shows the class a video to introduce the concept of endangered species. She begins with a video on manatees. This is an unfamiliar topic for students. She then guides the students through questioning, to elaborate on the presented information. The students are then able to make connections to what they already know about animals. For example, Ms. Dennison asks â€Å"is the manatee like anything you’ve ever seen before?† and â€Å"How big is the manatee compared to you?† She also asks her students how they think that manatees swim and later asks why manatees do not live as far north as Canada. The second process is organization. The process of organization is where a person makes connections between ideas. Under the umbrella of endangered species, Ms. Dennison introduces manatees. She then introduces loggerhead turtles. Using a matrix, Ms. Dennison guides her students to comparing and contrasting the two endangered animals. She also does this using the maps. This map shows the overlap of the habitats of the two animals and also where the loggerhead turtle can live that manatees cannot. The final storage process suggested by Ormrod is visual imagery. This process involves a person creating a picture in his or her mind either from the way he or she imagines it looks or from being exposed to images of the concept. Ms. Dennison helps her students to use this process by using videos and images. In the beginning of the unit, Ms. Dennison uses a video on manatees to introduce students to manatees and endangered species. She asks students to relate what the manatee looked like in the video to something else that they had seen before. She shows a video about loggerhead turtles as well as tapes a picture of the loggerhead turtle in the description column of the matrix. Ms. Dennison used these strategies for storing information in conjunction with the three component memory system. Initially the information is brought into the sensory register. This comes from the videos. The information is deemed as important and therefore moves to the working memory. To help students take the information from the sensory register to the working memory, the teacher asks students to make observations. Here the teacher guides the students to organize and elaborate on the information to be stored in long term memory. The teacher helps the students to make connections to prior knowledge, create new knowledge through hypotheses, and organize the information for effective storage and retrieval. She does this through class discussions, the use of the matrix and map, and making meaningful connections to the things the students were already familiar with. The teacher leads the students to move the information from the working memory to the long-term memory. By helping students to organize the information into appropriate schemas, the teacher helps the students to successfully store the information into their long-term memory. She is doing this by using the matrix and maps as well as comparing and contrasting the animals. She also helps the students to practice their retrieval skills when she asks them to recall the previously discussed definitions such as habitat. The methods used by Ms. Dennison will be effective for long-term memory storage and successful retrieval because she uses all three methods for long-term memory storage. She helps the students to create meaningful connections allowing the information to be stored in many different schemas. She also helped students to create their own schema for endangered species. Within that schema, using the matrix, classroom discussions, and map, she is able to guide students to create subcategories of the schema for each animal as well as the environmental implications. The systemized organization of the schema will help students perform effective and efficient retrieval for future reference. Piaget, a researcher from Switzerland, devoted his life to understanding the way children develop cognitively. Piaget’s theory of knowledge construction is based in the notion that children are motivated to learn by disequilibrium. Piaget explained that when a student is in disequilibrium he or she feels uncomfortable and needs to return to equilibrium. This shift is made through accommodation and assimilation. Assimilation is when a person takes an unknown stimulus and fits it to an existing schema. For example, when a young child is presented with an unknown animal, such as a zebra, he or she is in disequilibrium because he or she is unsure what kind of animal it is. After observing the zebra, the child discovers that the zebra has many characteristics of a horse. In order to get back into equilibrium, the child decides that the zebra is a horse. Here the child assimilates the information into the existing schema of horse. Accommodation is when a person creates a new schema or reorganizes an existing schema to harbor the new information. Returning to the child who sees a zebra for the first time, to accommodate this new animal into a schema the child decides that the zebra is not a horse but a new animal all together. The child then creates a new schema for zebras that contains information regarding how the zebra is similar to and different than a horse. Piaget’s theory of knowledge construction is apparent in the case study. Ms. Dennison recognizes that because of the geographic location of her students, manatees, loggerhead turtles, and other endangered species may not be something that the students are familiar with, thus causing disequilibrium. In order to help her students to get back into equilibrium Ms. Dennison helps her students to accommodate the information. One way that she does this is by asking the student to relate the manatee to something that they are familiar with. Keri suggests that a manatee is like a cow. Being from Wisconsin, this is something that many students can relate to. Ms. Dennison explains that manatees are often called sea cows. If she would have stopped the discussion there students may have assimilated the information. She does not, however. Instead, she discusses the differences between manatees and cows with the students. One example is that cows have legs and manatees do not. This leads students to accommodate the new information; This helps students to create a new schema for manatees. This brings students back to equilibrium. She then discusses the characteristics and habitat of manatees and organizes this information into a matrix. The students are then able to add this information to their new schema. This organization will help students to retrieve the information later. There are other strategies that would be helpful for Ms. Dennison to use that would help to increase her students’ learning, as suggested by Ormrod. One thing that she could do would be to suggest mnemonics for information that may be difficult to remember later. One example of a mnemonic that she could use in this unit would be HIPPO. This acronym is used to remember the causes of extinction for animals. It stands for habitat, introduction of an exotic species, pollution, population, and over consumption. Another way that Ms. Dennison could help her students would be to provide a hands-on experience to relate to the concept. This could be done within this unit by having students think of ways to conserve their environment, raise money to save a species, or write letters to government officials expressing their concern about the wellbeing of the species. Human memory has many aspects. Storage and retrieval are both essential in this process. The use of schemas can improve storage and retrieval. The three-component model of memory is a good descriptor of the process. A stimulus is initially taken into the sensory register, when it is deemed important the stimuli then moves into the working memory where it is organized, interpreted, and connected to other prior knowledge. The information is then stored in long-term memory, where it awaits retrieval. There are three significant processes that are useful for storing information in long-term memory: organization, elaboration, and visual imagery. Piaget’s theory of knowledge construction is an essential understanding for teachers to perceive student learning through accommodation and assimilation as students move from disequilibrium to equilibrium. There are many strategies that help students effectively learn, store, and retrieve information. It is imperative that teachers help students to complete this process in order for meaningful learning to take place. References Ormrod, J. (2012). Learning, cognition, and memory. In Essentials of educational psychology: big ideas to guide effective teaching (3rd ed., pp. 16-55). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.

Individual Project 4 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Individual Project 4 - Research Paper Example In one particular case, a military service captain exploited his authority and position as a reservist to secure government contracts for some private sector companies, which he was affiliated to. Additionally, the captain – working as a government official – accepted kickbacks from one of the companies, as compensation for helping it to secure government work contract. Following the discovery of his ethical failure, the officer was required to retire, while still at the grade of a commander, despite the fact he had already been endorsed for promotion to the rank of an admiral. Apart from the withdrawal of the promotion, the officer was debarred for a period of one year. On the other hand, two of the companies that he had facilitated the reception of government contracts signed 3-year administrative agreements with the military services. The misconduct surrounding the unethical incidence evidenced through the case was that of abusing office and accepting bribes (Gray, Hellman & Ryterman, 2002). Thee misconducts are evidenced by the facts that the officer used his office as a reservist to solicit the contractual work assigned to the companies he was affiliated to. The behavior of acting on behalf of the companies – in a case where he should have been impartial and transparent – showed misconduct on his part. The second misconduct is evidenced by the act of receiving a bribe from one of the companies, as compensation for the role of facilitating the reception of the government contract awarded (Gray, Hellman & Ryterman, 2002). The standard policies and the code of ethics related to government contracting is adequate, and is sufficient for the management of the different areas covered by government contracting, including that the ethics philosophy is built around trustworthiness and honestly, which are mediated through successful personal and professional relationships. Further, the areas

Company Director Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Company Director - Essay Example Normally, the directors of a company are not required to own any of its shares. Economists have analysed the problems, which may arise when the people managing a business do not own all of it. Managers in this position are believed to manage the business less efficiently than if they did own it.1 In broad terms the duties can be distilled into three propositions: Firstly, directors are under a duty to act bona fide in the interests of the company. Secondly, to exercise their powers under company's constitution for the proper purpose. Finally, to avoid conflict of interests and to profit from their position. For the first time, however, all the duties owed by directors to their company have been set out in statute, in Part 10 (ss.170-177) of the CA 2006. Section 171 of Companies Act 2006 states that duty to act within powers. A director of a company must (a) act in accordance with the company's constitution, and (b) only exercise powers for the purposes for which they are conferred. The constitution of the company is one or more documents setting out the rules by which the company is to be operated. While the constitution is subject to the Act, it sets out what powers directors have and how they are to exercise them. Directors must abide by these rules. If this power is given for one purpose, they cannot exercise it for a different proper purpose, even if they think that to do so would be in the best interests of the company.2 In Re Smith & Fawcett Ltd Lord Greene MR went to add that Directors must not exercise their powers for any "collateral purpose". This is called the proper purpose doctrine. The facts of Extrasure Travel Insurances Ltd v Cohen3, afford a clear illustration of a power being exercised for an improper purpose. More generally, however, the issue of whether Directors have used a power for a proper purpose arises in relation to their authority to issue shares. If shares are allotted in exchange for cash where the company is in need of additional capital the duty will not be broken. But where Directors issue shares in order to dilute the voting rights of an existing majority shareholder because he or she is blocking a resolution supporting, for example a takeover bid, then the duty will be breached. The Privy Council in Howard Smith Ltd v Ampol Petroleum Ltd4 subjected the content of the duty to through scrutiny. The Directors allotted shares to a company, which had made a takeover bid. The effect of the shares was to reduce the majority holding of two other shareholders who had made a rival bid from 55 to 36 percent. The two shareholders sought declaration that the share allotment was invalid as being an improper exercise of power. The court held that it must be unconstitutional for Directors to use their fiduciary powers over the shares in the company purely for the purpose of destroying an existing majority, or creating a new majority, which did not previously exist. Section 172 of Companies Act 2006 introduces significant change in common law. This Act states that duty to promote the success of the company. Section 172(1) a director of a company must act

The Adoption of Integration of Information and Communication Essay

The Adoption of Integration of Information and Communication Technologies by Sainsburys - Essay Example Notably, the various reasons for executing the ICT by the business organisations include diminishing the transaction costs and ultimately raise the productivity and delivers instant connectivity which thereby improves the accuracy and transparency of the business organisations. Furthermore, the other valuable reasons also include enlarging the geographical scope of the potential markets for the business organisations, adequately accessing different products and commodities and ultimately raising the profitability of the business organisations (Picot & et. al., 2008). In this paper, the business organisation, i.e. Sainsbury’s, has been taken into concern. The main objective of this paper is to discuss regarding the self-service checkout which has been implemented by Sainsbury’s. The main reason behind this phenomenon has been related to attaining competitive advantage and it might also have been the case that they must have evaluated the previous processes and re-created it in order to attain success for the organisation. In addition, adequate execution of ICT that enhances the shopping process of Sainsbury’s and few concluding lines will also be portrayed in the discussion. The Chosen Organisation Sainsbury’s is regarded as one of the oldest retailers which was founded in London as its home city, in the year 1869. It is recognised as the third largest chain of supermarket prevailing in United Kingdom. Currently, it acquires a considerable market share of 16.5% in the global retail market. The company delivers broad variety of quality food commodities. In this regard, the vision of Sainsbury is to promote healthy consumptions along with... This essay stresses that the practical application of ICT has been apparently increasing in the current day phenomenon. It has also been recognised that most of the business organisations execute different types of technological equipments ensuring that those might raise as well as enhance the competitive position of the company in the long term. Similarly, in this context, Sainsbury’s which is one of the oldest and foremost retailing companies prevailing in the UK tends to execute ICTs such as self-serviced counters while operating the business functions. This paper makes a conclusion that the adequate implementation of the above discussed ICTs eventually raised the competitive advantage along with greater improvement in the business process of Sainsbury’s. Moreover, an innovative conception in relation to ICT has been prescribed for Sainsbury’s that would considerably enhance its business processes along with attaining competitive benefit over its competitors. Thus, it can be stated that Sainsbury’s can attain superior position in this competitive world along with sustaining its productivity through the execution of different types of ICT equipments to a significant extent. The company i.e. Sainsbury’s might enhance its working efficiencies through the application of improved self-service checkouts involving innovative technological equipments that ultimately would accelerate the efficiencies of the business procedural functions by a considerable level.

The development of painting through history Essay

The development of painting through history - Essay Example Rococo Art succeeded Baroque Art in Europe during 1715 to 1774. The style was dominant in France and had significant associations with King Louis XV. It was a reaction to the massiveness and grandeur of Baroque. The style was more light, elegant, decorative, and elaborate than the earlier Baroque style. Jean-Honore’ Fragonard developed Blind Man’s Buff. It is an artistic piece of work, which has sharp, vivid images of clouds, a fountain of water, trees, people, and buildings. Neoclassicism emerged during the mid-18th to early 19th century. It is an unemotional and severe form of art, which harkens back to the grandeur of ancient Rome and Greece. The elegant and balanced works of Neoclassicism revived the harmony of ancient Roman and Greek art. It is a rigid form of art and reacted to the emotionally charged Baroque and the over-bred Rococo styles. The American and French Revolutions desired to revive an interest in classical thought. The revolutions thus encouraged the rise of Neoclassical art of painting. Robert Smirke was one of the most prominent Neoclassicists of that time. One of his pieces of art, the Odysseus and Circe, displays a king that is unemotional to the women’s cries and pleas. In his fury, he grabs a woman and seems to be commanding using a sword. Realism style of painting emerged in the mid-19th century, and it depicts subjects in a straightforward manner. It involves objective representation of subject matters. It tends to avoid idealizing the subjects and does not follow rules.

Deepening Understanding Of A Topic Through Research Essay

Deepening Understanding Of A Topic Through Research - Essay Example This learning outcome provided insights in preparing a thesis statement, annotated bibliography, classical argument and reference list. These activities effectively helped in understanding plagiarism and styles of referencing. The activities helped in writing an appealing thesis statement, and an introductory paragraph. The activity on plagiarism, referencing annotated bibliography and classical arguments helped in attaining the goals of the outcome. All the assignment provided basics for understanding the learning outcome. The activity on annotated bibliography was surprising because it is done differently from other writing. In addition, activities on in-text citation and referencing provided insights on how they are done. In preparing a classical argument, for instance, I learned how to analyze and break down the argument, and how to state the argument in the essay. Application of group arguments could effectively be used to enhance the outcomes of this learning activity.This lear ning outcome effectively helped in writing a summary and strong response and preparing a situation paper. It also played a role in understanding how to write a progress report in light of ethical and contemporary issues. This activity helped in forming a creative or direct title and in clarifying the subject of the paper in the introduction. For this learning outcome, activities such as a summary and strong response, exploratory research and progress report, and classical argument were helpful in achieving the outcome.

Hospitality Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Hospitality Management - Essay Example This is to be able to understand how they make their workers committed to the organization. This will be useful in determining the appropriate methods for their organization. One way of increasing workers’ motivation is by building trust between the workers and the management. Also, there should be trust between the worker and the company as a whole. Enhancing both of these trusts leads to employees feeling secure about working for the organization and thus increasing their commitment. A manager can increase the commitment of employees by encouraging their motivation. Most of the workers enjoy working in an environment that is progressive and promotes personal innovations, as well as creative ideas. Employees, who have a feeling that they are contributors to the strategic direction of an organization may have a bigger ownership of their work. This always results to improved organizational commitment (Bulut, Cagri, and Osman, 311). A manager ought to communicate often with his employees. Many workers will appreciate a management that is transparent as it keeps them informed on the administrative decisions that may have an effect on their jobs. Consistent corporate communication helps in lowering rumors that are negative, which would lead to the damage worker loyalty (Filstad, 378). The manager should take steps that would lead to retaining of employees. He should let them know that he appreciates their efforts. This can be done by instituting organizational loyalty programs and visibly honoring and promoting workers who work hard and show commitment to the company. Term timetables can also be instituted and the rewarding the commitment of the old workers can also be used to these ends (Meyer, John and Natalie, 1). A manger can apply the history of the organization in instilling a corporate culture that is wanted. Some organizations have extensive history that is full of stories that are inspiring and add to the culture of the company and encourage

The impact of culture on entrepreneurial management Essay

The impact of culture on entrepreneurial management - Essay Example Hofstede defines culture as â€Å"the collective programming of the mind, which distinguishes the members of one human group from another†¦. Culture, in this sense, includes systems of values; and values are among the building blocks of culture† (Hofstede & Hofstede, 2005). Culture is learned and not inherited. Individuals are born into and shaped by that culture which has been existing. This culture influences the way we think, behave and act. Culture can be referred as the acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and to generate social behaviour (Rugman & Hodgetts, 2002). Cultural differences can be found at the regional, national, ethnic, and organizational levels. Hence, Hofstede (1991) suggested that cultural influences on organizations "are most clearly recognizable at the national level" (cited by Justin, 2002). This has been the most widely accepted definition of culture and this essay will determine the impact of culture on indigenous entreprene urs, immigrant entrepreneurs and women entrepreneurs. Culture influences attitudes and behavior, varies within and across nations and within and across ethnicities, and is strongly embedded in indigenous communities. (Lindsay, 2005). Culture influences the motives, values, and beliefs of individuals (Hayton, George, & Zahra, 2002) that reflects on their attitudes. In term of business, people would view and conduct their business differently according to their attitude, which is derived from their own culture. â€Å"If we learn anything from the history of economic development, it is culture makes all difference† (Landes, 1998). Maznevski et al., (2002) state that culture is a group-level phenomenon, but it influences individuals’ perception, values and behaviour, especially with respect to social interaction. It is thus evident that culture is an important factor of economic success. Culture is a big influence

Managing Team Conflicts Essay Example for Free

Managing Team Conflicts Essay Why do you think that Carly didn’t come to you sooner to discuss the project delays? Carly didn’t come sooner to discuss the problem delays with the supervisor because of the affective conflict that arises between her and Morris (Team Conflict: How to Manage it, n.p.). Truly, it is quite undesirable to present â€Å"human conflict† as a reason in the delay of a certain project. It is obvious that Carly was threatened by the wits that Morris have. Since Morris obtained a higher level degree than Carly, the manager seems to be insecure about her status. She sees Morris as a competitor in her position and not as a member of the team. 2. Why do you think Carly hasn’t had a conversation with Morris, or vice versa, about their differences? How do you think each of them would respond to this type of conversation? Explain. Both person (Carly and Morris) did not initiated to have a conversation regarding their differences because both parties are afraid that upon the conduct of their conversation, they might not be able to work on and come out with the proper solution to address the problem. On the conduct of the conversation, they may reach a point that both of them would be in denial regarding the delay of the project. Both people possess different personality and dealing with their differences might be a critical approach to be done. Carly, being insecure with the wits that Morris have, might put all the blame on the latter mentioned person. On the other hand, if Carly would over impose her power in the conversation, the immediate reaction of Morris would be to defend his self and try to make Carly realize that she also has a fault regarding the problem. What would happen in this conversation is that, both parties would tend to throw off their own defence regarding themselves thus, rather than solving the problem of conflict, the outcome could be to worsen the situation. What is the biggest problem with the way these team members interact? What could they do to remedy the problem? Explain. The biggest problem with these team members is that they do not know on how to deal with their own differences. Differences in terms of personality as stated above is just but common in a team. Such differences could be positively or negatively affect the team. In the case given, Carly and Morris chooses to embrace the negative side thus, bringing the project to a delay. Communication is the element that is missing in the case presented. Communicating in a constructive manner would give each person a chance to express his thoughts and ideas clearly and directly. Coupled with his expression of thoughts, respect (for each other and for the work of the team) should also be reflected (Ten Qualities of an Effective Team Player, 2005, n.p.). The scenario being pictured out in the case is that Morris seems to be tongue tied to express his thoughts while Carly is too much dominating in expressing her thoughts, thus the communication process is not working well. Another element that is lacking in the case is the quality of active listening. In order for a team to function effectively and meet its goals, every member should be a good listener. Every member should consider and listen to the ideas of other team members and should avoid biased reaction regarding the proposed ideas. Arguing or debating every idea presented would not do any help (Ten Qualities of an Effective Team Player, 2005, n.p.). Members should also be prepared and willing to hear and accept criticisms. It would be better if one would listen first and then react to have an effective conversation and get things settled. Firmness of thought is important as a team player, but one should make her mind open to what other members has to offer. Do you think Carly should continue to serve as Project Manager? Explain. Yes, Carly should continue to serve as Project Manager but she should first change her attitude in handling the job. She should note that she is part of the team. Although she has a higher position compared to the other members, it is not right to over used this power because of being threatened by others wits and guts. As a project manager she must be confident in her own capability and sees the ability of other members of the team as an asset and not as a threat. She should reassess her self and avoid being a problem-blamer. She should not look for others to fault but instead, she should look at the problems that arise as a common thing that occurs in a team. Being regarded as the project manager, she should address problems (not create problems) and bring this out for discussion with other members of the team (Ten Qualities of an Effective Team player, 2005, n.p.). Upon doing such, she would be most likely to find the right solutions for the problem. Though Carly obviously has a fault on the delay of the project, she should continue to work on as the project manager because she was given that job and trusting her that job means that she is knowledgeable enough and rightly fitted for it. 5. How would you begin to address this situation? Come up with a plan to remedy this problem and outline a plan for getting the project back on track for the January 1 release. The first action had been done, that is to talk with the persons involve in the conflict as well as with other team members. The next step would be to review to the team regarding their purpose and goal. I would be emphasizing on their role as a team in achieving the targeted goal and meet the targeted deadline. I would preferably design a team building activity that would reunite them and develop their working ability as a team. I would consistently remind them that there is no â€Å"I† in a team and that presence of conflicts is inevitable. I would also relay to them the essence of conflict management. Rules in order to lessen conflict would be implemented incorporating processes or behaviours that the group will be allowed or prohibited (Team Conflict: How to Manage it, n.p.). The following will serve as a guide in getting the project back on track for the January 1 release: Conduct Team building activity Relaying the concept of conflict and conflict management. Assess the characteristics of members in position. Assess the overall coordination of the team. Project Plan Guide Review the goal and extent of the project. Identify weaknesses and strengths in the conduct of the project. Retain strengths and address the weaknesses. Strategic Planning for the Completion of the Project Address conflict in the workplace. Set timeframe and task to be completed within a week and make sure that all materials to be used would be provided (How to Organize Successful Project Teams, n.p.). Constantly check and collaborate with the team regarding the progress of the project Acknowledge the team’s effort upon the completion of the assigned task. References AllBusiness.com, Inc. (2005, August 12). Ten Qualities of an Effective Team Player. Retrieved May 16, 2008, from http://www.allbusiness.com/human-resources/employee-development-team-building/8516-3.html How to Organize Successful Project Teams. Retrieved May 16, 2008, from http://www.ehow.com/how_2156392_organize-successful-project-teams.html Team Conflict: How to Manage it. Retrieved May 16, 2008, from http://www.chumans.com/skills3.htm.